{"id":9936,"date":"2025-11-04T17:33:27","date_gmt":"2025-11-04T20:33:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/radioatividade-na-potabilidade-de-agua\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T09:28:06","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T12:28:06","slug":"radioatividade-na-potabilidade-de-agua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/en\/artigos\/radioatividade-na-potabilidade-de-agua\/","title":{"rendered":"Radioactivity analysis: understand the risks, the legislation and how to guarantee the potability of water according to Ordinance 888"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9936\" class=\"elementor elementor-9936 elementor-9761\" wpc-filter-elementor-widget=\"1\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8909dab e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8909dab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b613dd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b613dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radioactivity is present in our daily lives, whether it comes from natural or artificial sources, and so we are constantly exposed to it. Therefore, in order to guarantee the protection of human health, various standards and legislation have been implemented with the aim of controlling and monitoring the<\/span> <b> total alpha and total beta radiation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in drinking water.<\/span><\/p><p> <\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The greatest example of this is Ordinance GM\/MS 888, Brazilian legislation currently in force that defines limits, methodologies and guidelines that ensure the proper monitoring of radionuclides in water for human consumption.<\/span><\/p><p> <\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b>Analytical EP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has <\/span><b>complete scope for full compliance with Ordinance 888<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">including analysis of <\/span><b>Total Alpha, Total Beta and specific radionuclides<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">offering safety, precision and compliance.<\/span><\/p><p> <\/p><h2><b>What is radioactivity and why can it be present in water?<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel and further developed by Marie and Pierre Curie, revealing compounds such as thorium, polonium and radium &#8211; all of which emit radiation. Natural or artificial radionuclides can reach water via different routes, such as: <\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">infiltration of natural radioactive materials from the soil;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">industrial processes;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">medical and military activities;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">atmospheric deposition.<\/span><p> <\/p><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is why <\/span><b>radioactivity analysis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> becomes indispensable for identifying levels of Total Alpha and Beta and ensuring that the water meets drinking water standards.<br><br><\/span><\/p><h2><b>Types of radiation: Alpha, Beta and Gamma<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To understand the importance of monitoring, it is necessary to understand how radiation works:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae7ae6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ae7ae6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"623\" height=\"363\" src=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9938\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade1.png 623w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade1-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade1-600x350.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Available at: https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/colegiodeaplicacao\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/RADIOATIVIDADE-%E2%80%93-2%C2%AA-PARTE1_removed.pdf. Accessed on: 20 Dec. 2024a. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d312b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61d312b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><b>Alpha Radiation (\u03b1)<\/b><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Low penetration capacity &#8211; it can be blocked by paper &#8211; but it is highly ionizing.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><br><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>Beta radiation (\u03b2)<\/b><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negative charge, composed of electrons.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It penetrates up to 2 cm of living tissue and can cause more intense damage.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><br><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><b>Gamma Radiation (\u03b3)<\/b><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Very high energy electromagnetic waves.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High penetration power and greater health risk.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><br><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exposure can occur due to:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>irradiation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (without direct contact with the radioactive material)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>internal or external contamination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (when there is contact, ingestion or inhalation)<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3173f23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3173f23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"537\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/rafioatividade2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9939\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/rafioatividade2.png 537w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/rafioatividade2-300x155.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Available at: https:\/\/www.if.ufrgs.br\/tex\/fis01001\/radio.pdf. Accessed on: 23 Dec. 2024.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1580664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1580664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For this reason, drinking water legislation incorporates strict limits to prevent harm to human health.<br><br><\/span><\/p><h2><b>Sources of radioactive exposure<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The population is exposed to radiation every day, with approximately 80% of radiation exposure coming from natural sources and around 20% from what are considered artificial sources.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9171b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a9171b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"696\" height=\"385\" src=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade3.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9940\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade3.png 696w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade3-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade3-600x332.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Available at: https:\/\/inis.iaea.org\/collection\/NCLCollectionStore\/_Public\/45\/073\/45073467.pdf. Accessed on: 23 Dec. 2024.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a44835c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a44835c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sources of natural radiation are soil, water\/food, radon and cosmic radiation (from various regions of space). Artificial radiation, on the other hand, comes from uses in branches such as: military (as in the use of nuclear weapons); medical (in the use of diagnostic imaging and treatment of certain diseases with controlled doses of radiation); and domestic (as in the case of smoke detectors). <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c04c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5c04c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"794\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade4.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9941\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade4.png 794w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade4-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade4-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade4-600x400.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Available at: https:\/\/www.aben.com.br\/Arquivos\/544\/544.pdf. Accessed on: 23 Dec. 2024.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-269c6db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"269c6db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although most of it is natural, drinking water contaminated by radionuclides can lead to risks such as:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DNA damage;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">genetic mutations;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tumors and leukemias;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acute radiation syndrome at high doses.<br><br><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hence the importance of <\/span><b>radioactivity analysis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as a preventive and mandatory tool.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19035e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"19035e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade5.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9942\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade5.png 901w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade5-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade5-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/radioatividade5-600x400.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38f8b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f38f8b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><b>Evolution of legislation on radioactivity in water<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Did you know that Brazil has been monitoring radioactivity in water since 1977? At the time, the reference limit value for total alpha and total beta radioactivity parameters was 0.1 Bq\/L for Total Alpha and 1.0 Bq\/L for Total Beta.   <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These limits remained the same until 2010. If the values were exceeded, the radionuclides (chemical species that emit radiation) had to be identified and quantified and their values compared with the limits set by the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN).  <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In December 2011, Ordinance No. 2,914 was enacted, changing the reference limit value for drinking water to 0.5 Bq\/L for Total Alpha and 1.0 Bq\/L for Total Beta. If the limits were exceeded, the concentration of specific radionuclides had to be determined, namely Radium-226 and Radium-228. <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2021, Ministerial Order GM\/MS 888 was published, with new procedures for quantifying Total Alpha and Total Beta in drinking water. There were no changes to the reference limit value, but there were some changes to the procedures if the limit was exceeded.  Thus, if the Total Beta limit is exceeded, the levels of the radionuclide K-40 (Isotope of the potassium atom with mass 40u) must be quantified and its value deducted from the total value of Total Beta radioactivity.  <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the value remains above the limit, another sample must be taken and analyzed, and if the values remain above the limit, CNEN REGULATORY POSITION 3.01\/012:2020 must be consulted to take action. From then on, CNEN is responsible for analyzing the radiological potability of the water.   <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ordinance 888 is today the basis for any analysis of radioactivity applied to the potability of water in Brazil.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0a507c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d0a507c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><b>The importance of radioactivity analysis to ensure safe water<\/b><\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The presence of radionuclides in water, even in low concentrations, represents a cumulative risk to human health. For this reason, the analysis of Alpha Total, Beta Total and specific radionuclides is a fundamental part of the quality control of water for human consumption. <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, sanitation companies, industries, municipalities and other laboratories must comply with Ordinance GM\/MS 888 and only laboratories with a validated technical scope can issue results accepted by regulatory bodies.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Radioactivity analysis with EP Analytical<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EP Anal\u00edtica excels in radioactivity analysis, offering precision, regulatory compliance and the technical capacity to fully comply with Ordinance GM\/MS 888.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We work with up-to-date methods (CNEN, ABNT and international standards), highly sensitive equipment and a specialized team prepared for highly complex radiological analyses.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b>Analytical EP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Full scope for Total Alpha and Total Beta<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results with traceability and metrological safety<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Personalized studies on demand<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Technical partnerships with other laboratories that need to outsource radioactivity analysis<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br><br><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We serve industries, utilities, environmental consultancies, regulatory bodies and also laboratories looking to broaden their scope. Whether for environmental projects, potability or specific investigations, EP Anal\u00edtica is the reliable partner for all needs involving radioactivity analysis. <\/span><\/p><p><strong>Article by Catharina Mariusso and Leonardo Paiva<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa0d680 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"aa0d680\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/grupoep.com.br\/services\/environmental-testing\/?lang=en\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-vial\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M477.7 186.1L309.5 18.3c-3.1-3.1-8.2-3.1-11.3 0l-34 33.9c-3.1 3.1-3.1 8.2 0 11.3l11.2 11.1L33 316.5c-38.8 38.7-45.1 102-9.4 143.5 20.6 24 49.5 36 78.4 35.9 26.4 0 52.8-10 72.9-30.1l246.3-245.7 11.2 11.1c3.1 3.1 8.2 3.1 11.3 0l34-33.9c3.1-3 3.1-8.1 0-11.2zM318 256H161l148-147.7 78.5 78.3L318 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Meet EP Analytics<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df53b07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df53b07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Bibliography<\/h3><p>Ministry of Health. Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/bvsms.saude.gov.br\/bvs\/saudelegis\/gm\/2021\/prt0888_07_05_2021.html&gt;. Accessed on: 23 Dec. 2024.<br>Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/www.if.ufrgs.br\/tex\/fis01001\/radio.pdf&gt;. Accessed on: 23 Dec. 2024.<br>RADIATION &#8211; EFFECTS AND SOURCES. Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/www.aben.com.br\/Arquivos\/544\/544.pdf&gt;. Accessed on: 23 Dec. 2024.<br>Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/colegiodeaplicacao\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/RADIOATIVIDADE-%E2%80%93-2%C2%AA-PARTE1_removed.pdf&gt;. Accessed on: 20 Dec. 2024a.<br>RESEARCH AND REFERENCE LEVELS FOR RADIOACTIVITY IN DRINKING WATER. Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/www.gov.br\/cnen\/pt-br\/acesso-rapido\/normas\/grupo-3\/grupo3-pr301_12.pdf&gt;. Accessed on: 26 Dec. 2024.<br>Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/www.gov.br\/cnen\/pt-br\/acesso-rapido\/normas\/grupo-3\/grupo3-nrm301.pdf&gt;. Accessed on: 26 Dec. 2024c.<br>Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/www.gov.br\/ird\/pt-br\/central-de-conteudo\/publicacoes\/RadioatividadeemAguaPotavel.pdf&gt;. Accessed on: 26 Dec. 2024d.<br>Radiation. Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/fiocruz.br\/biosseguranca\/Bis\/virtual%20tour\/hipertextos\/up1\/radiacao.html&gt;. Accessed on: 26 Dec. 2024.<br>BUSHBERG, J. T. Exposure and radioactive contamination. Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/www.msdmanuals.com\/pt\/profissional\/les%C3%B5es-intoxica%C3%A7%C3%A3o\/exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-e-contamina%C3%A7%C3%A3o-radioativa\/exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-e-contamina%C3%A7%C3%A3o-radioativa&gt;. Accessed on: 26 Dec. 2024.<br>Ministry of Health. Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/bvsms.saude.gov.br\/bvs\/saudelegis\/gm\/2011\/prt2914_12_12_2011.html&gt;. Accessed on: 26 Dec. 2024b.<br>D79367. Available at:  &lt;https:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/decreto\/1970-1979\/d79367.htm&gt;. Accessed on: 26 Dec. 2024.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Radioactivity is present in our daily lives, whether it comes from natural or artificial sources, and so we are constantly exposed to it. 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