Modern life has brought countless facilities, especially with the advance of industrialization, which has made it possible for a large section of the population to access products and services. However, this progress has also resulted in a significant increase in waste generationmany of which have the potential to cause serious damage to human health and the environment.
In this context, the waste classification becomes an essential tool for guaranteeing the correct and safe disposal of these materials.
The Importance of Waste Classification in Modern Industry
With the intensification of industrial processes, waste production has become a central concern in sustainability policies. Much of this waste contains hazardous substances which, if disposed of improperly, can contaminate the soil, water and air.
This is why correct classification of waste is essential in order to identify the risks involved and adopt appropriate measures for handling, transportation, storage, treatment and final disposal.
The First Brazilian Waste Classification Standard: ABNT NBR 10004 (1987)
Brazil took an important step in 1987 with the publication of the standard ABNT NBR 10004which established technical criteria for classification of solid waste. This initiative came about in the same year as the UN report “Our Common Future”, which highlighted the environmental impacts of unsustainable consumption and production models.
The original standard defined a methodology based on three types of analysis:
- Gross mass: Evaluation of the waste in its current state.
- LeachingSimulation of the effects of time and water on the material.
- SolubilizationApplicable to solid waste, it assesses the potential for mixing with the water present in the environment.
Based on these analyses, the waste was classified as follows:
- Class I – Hazardous
- Class II – Non-inert
- Class III – Inert
Updating Waste Classification with NBR 10004:2004
With the evolution of the industry and the greater complexity of the waste generated, an update was necessary. Thus, in 2004, the new version of the NBR 10004which redefined the system of waste classification into two major classes:
- Class I – Hazardous
- Class II – Non-hazardous (divided into inert and non-inert)
This revision expanded the list of hazardous substances and centralized hazardousness analysis in standard NBR 10005 (Leachate Analysis). Although more technical, this approach still had limitations in the face of global requirements and the complexity of modern waste.
The Revolution in Waste Classification: NBR 10004:2024
In 2024, the waste classification in Brazil underwent a profound and strategic change with the new NBR 10004:2024in line with international best practices and updated Brazilian environmental legislation.
The main changes include:
1. New Classification System
The previous model has given way to a more objective classification:
- RP – Hazardous Waste
- RNP – Non-Hazardous Waste
This approach aims to facilitate technical interpretation and practical application in waste management processes.
2. Division of the Standard into Two Parts
- Part 1: Defines the technical requirements and criteria for the classification of waste (how to classify).
- Part 2: Introduces the SGCR (General Waste Classification System)a database that guides primary classification based on technical and scientific criteria.
3. Inclusion of parameters such as SOPs and GHS
The new standard requires the identification of POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants)such as:
- PFAS
- Organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides
- PCBs
The toxicity of waste now takes into account the criteria of the GHS (Globally Harmonized System)an international standard established by the UN for the classification of hazardous chemical substances.
Transition and Deadline for Adaptation
To ensure the effectiveness of the new standard, ABNT has established a transition period:
- A mandatory validity of NBR 10004:2024 begins on 01/01/2027.
- Until 31/12/2026the use of the previous version (2004) will still be permitted.
Unlike previous transitions, the new standard required a longer adaptation period, given the complexity and scope of the changes.
Mandatory Steps in the New Waste Classification
In addition to the technical update, NBR 10004:2024 establishes mandatory steps for the waste classificationwith emphasis on:
- Preparation of Waste Classification Report (LCR)with:
- Identifying the origin of the material
- SOP evaluation
- Indication of the type of waste (RP or RNP)
- Use of Annex A of the SGCRwhich provides guidance on the need for laboratory analysis to accurately determine the class of the waste.
Why is the New Waste Classification a Breakthrough?
The new approach to waste classificationestablished by NBR 10004:2024This represents an important development for environmental management in Brazil. Among the main benefits are:
- A more clearer and more objective
- Greater alignment with international standards
- Emphasis on laboratory data and actual toxicity
- Inclusion of critical environmental safety parameters
- Promoting shared responsibility between generators, managers, laboratories and environmental agencies
Conclusion
The update of NBR 10004:2024 marks a new chapter in the waste classification in Brazil. With criteria that are more technical, objective and integrated with international standards, it strengthens the commitment to sustainability, public health and environmental protection.
Its implementation will require a joint effort between all the actors involved in waste management, ensuring that the process of sorting and final disposal is carried out efficiently, safely and responsibly.
The correct waste classification is the first step towards an environmentally balanced and economically viable future.
Article by Newton Netto(LinkedIn)